Wednesday, April 30, 2014

Critiquing "Such Revenges" | Practice Analysis

Vonnegut's fifth tip is to "[s]tart as close to the end as possible," which forces a writer to apply a few terms we've discussed in here: in media res and flashbacks. Write a 5-8 sentence paragraph about how Caitlin Fitzpatrick uses these techniques in her story "Such Revenges." Use the following textual evidence to support your paragraph:

  • The opening (don't quote all of it, and use summary techniques to help): "I try not to think about the fact that my son is dead. I try harder not to remember that his funeral was the sixth time I had ever visited him. It was a three-day trip from Waco to San Diego to the funeral and back, and I spent most of the time I was there getting in fights with my ex, Cindy, who kept complaining about my tie and drinking far too much and chewing with her mouth open. Now that I’ve gone back to Texas and stopped hating her so much, it seems most nights I could fall asleep, wake up, and have forgotten about the whole thing. But when I wake up every morning there’s still something. The grief counselor I’m seeing says I’m numb, but that word’s not quite right. It’s not sadness, really, just something of a general incompleteness, like that moment just before you put on a new pair of glasses and realize that all you’ve been seeing for months are shapes and colors."
  • Flashback: "Here are the things I knew about my son: he played soccer, he loved the jazz saxophone, he was a vegetarian, and he scored in the ninety-ninth percentile on every test he took. His father was a drunk and left him when he was six. It took me four years even to pick up the phone and call him. I left his mother because of my drinking, and because she was becoming a drunk, too: a hateful drunk, which is even worse. I figured she was so drunk and mad all the time because of me, and I figured if I left town and dried out, she would stop drinking and stop hating. I was wrong. Every time I went to visit her, the garbage bulged with empty bottles, and I kept finding vodka handles behind the Cheerios or under a stack of magazines. She was always getting boyfriends and then trading them in for a newer, drunker model. Rob, her latest man, was a pallbearer at my son’s funeral. We stood next to each other when we lined up and he gripped my shoulder once and called me buddy. We had never met before, and I was struck by his hands—so warm and uncallused. It seems strange, but his grip felt just like my mother’s, as if she had lifted herself up out of her grave to hold my arms against her chest and fill me up with warmth."


Now, what do you have to say about her narration technique? Does the first person work for the story, and why? What type of 'voice' does her narrator have, and how does she create that voice with syntax; how would you describe the diction? (These questions are all possibilities to use to create a focused claim, so don't feel like you have to address each of them individually.)

  • "There’s not a soul in Texas that would call Elaine a pretty girl. Her two front teeth split apart from each other as though they cannot stand to touch. She has thick cheeks and wiry red hair that she wears piled on top of her head. She is smart, but in the worst possible way, wielding her knowledge like a blunt weapon—shouting over other students in class, rejecting the rules of basic classroom behavior like raising hands."

What would you say about her plot resolution? What was expected and what was unexpected, and how did it make you respond as a reader?  or...

Another, separate question that you can answer in a different paragraph would be, how does she handle scene changes, or how does she use spacing to create a certain tone?
  •  "I don’t turn the lights on in my house; instead I set the blade gently where I propped my bottle of whiskey so many nights ago. Even in the darkness it seems to catch light and glint it back at me. The minutes pass and Elaine’s voice fills my head. She taunts me, but not in her usual way. Instead, she is saying over and over again, you left me. It should be no surprise that her tone fades into my son’s, and that the two of them form a jangling chorus in my head. They grow louder and louder, settling deeper in my chest, becoming something leaden and mocking that I cannot escape. Still the letter opener tempts me. I dig my nails into my hands, a gesture of resistance already familiar to me. But my fingers slip through the wound, sliding into my palm as though my flesh is softer than dirt.

    The voices stop.

    I exhale as my hips slip unconsciously lower in the chair. A sullen red color soaks over my nails and slides down my arm, until there are drops of blood dotted around the chair and the floor. I imagine that they will be almost impossible to clean. In the silence of the room, I feel Elaine settling over me. Her colors are muted and transparent and she lifts her chin with the air of a teacher correcting a particularly stubborn student. I cannot turn away. She settles into my chest with a weight that feels nothing like a lover, nothing like a child, but something metallic, rusted, as though my body were nothing more than a plank of rotted wood, splintering at the middle under the first touch of a nail."
     
 

Monday, April 28, 2014

Reading for Wednesday, 4/30

Watch this video/read the article from Kurt Vonnegut, author the important novel Slaughterhouse 5, for tips on short story writing.

Read "Such Revenges" by Caitlin Fitzpatrick

Monday, April 21, 2014

Workshopping Fiction

1. What is the biggest concern you have with your story draft?

2. What is the thing you are most satisfied with in your draft?

3. What is one thing you would 'change' right now if you could?




Practicing the Sentence:

1. Write the shortest possible action. Try to be like Hemingway and write an entire story, or at least a scene, in six words or less.
  • Hemingway's challenge:  For sale: baby shoes, never used.

2. Write a page long sentence story, in which you try to imitate Donald Bartheleme's "Sentence" or Jamaica Kincaid's "Girl."


Faults of the Soul: Part 2 and 3

Frigidity
  • Do not contradict the humanity of the character you have created, because your readers will not forgive you. 
    • We've talked quite a bit about making choices as a writer that make for a consistent characterization. You must intuitively and consciously work towards making a character act within the disposition and facts you've given prior.
    • A father who loves his son and is professed to do so for ever will not be justified into torturing him later on in the story.

Mannered Writing
  • A writer who cares more about the aesthetics than her or his characters and plots is walking a fine line between genius and egocentricity, balancing on the later. 
  • Try to work on parts of a story when you find that they fit a repetitive act for you as the writer--when the act itself draws attention away from the story itself. 

Wednesday, April 16, 2014

Faults of the Soul: Part 1

Sentimentality: false emotion through cheating or exaggeration.
  • Who is this character that we are to care for?
  • Appealing to stock (cliche) responses
    • Of course we all feel bad about those victims of 9/11. Does that mean we have to like those people who died or survived? Your job is to make us trust the emotions we have towards those characters.
  • Too many ...breathless...sentences. And. Too many short paragraphs kills us.

Action and Dialogue are your BFFs
  • Focus on the life lived, and insert details in the action, as opposed to over-telling a character's life. 

Defy Expectations to Defy Circumstantial Cliché

Writing Exercise:

·     We may have a story that is structured well, but we may also bore our readers with a lack of surprise. We can call this plot cliché, or circumstantial cliché (one of other writing clichés discussed in Writer's Digest).

·      First, look at these examples and think about:  1. What is generally expected from this character type and/or from this scenario?  2. How may I use the situation or setting to discuss a different conflict between characters than what might be expectedly going on in the larger setting amongst all characters?

o   Ex.: If your story takes place at a funeral, make the story less about the dead person or how people are sad for their loss, etc., Instead, what are some surprising things that one can imagine (or have experienced) that have gone on at funeral?

o   Ex.: You have a story revolving around the head cheerleader and the start quarterback of the high school (or college) football team. What is the easy, stereotype of their relationship? How might you take the story in some less expected directions? 

§  For example, on my example: maybe the QB is more interested in history classes than he is sex or beer or abuse! 

Monday, April 14, 2014

HW for 4/16

Read Bobby Ann Mason's "Shiloh."

  • Look at Mason's first line.
  • Look at her use of the place as a metaphor
  • Look at her prose. What do you think of her sense of pacing this story?

Needless Explanation

Why put in the exposition what can be accomplished in a scene--in action or in dialogue?


Writing exercise:
  • Try to build a scene in which this detail is uncovered within the dialogue or the action, and not through the narrator's own exposition. Even if you use first person, think about where the details can be placed within the scene:
    • Your character has an eating disorder.
    • Your character's disorder stems from issues with a parent or sibling
    • Your character loves Fritos.

Three Syntactic Slots: Crafting a sentence

Subject + verb + object. 

  • The key to not overwriting a sentence--to not fall in love with the language so much the sentence loses meaning--is to give and take, pick and choose, where you modify the sentence. As Gardner writes, "the writer cannot cram all three syntactic slots with details." Now, that sounds like a rule! Faulkner might disagree, as we see in the opening line of Absalom, Absalom.

Writing Exercise
  • Take the following sentence and try and write the action differently by filling in different syntactical slots.
    • We want three different sentences, altogether, showing different modifier choices.

Basic Sentence:    Jamie sat down at the park.

Wednesday, April 9, 2014

Homework for 4/14

Read chapter 5: "Common Errors" in The Art of Fiction.

Work on your second short story, and be ready to discuss your story's  plot.

30-minute Fiction

Review the handout, and then use the template to move through a story. Perhaps this will become the first draft of your second short story, or perhaps it will be only a good exercise to practice pacing. Either way, the technique is helpful.

Cultural Mash

Cultural Mash – Time, Place, & Characterization Details (Writing Exercise)

  • Think of your teen years. Brainstorm a list of all of the specific things that you find as culturally relevant to the times. Nouns (people, events), short speech phrases, and appropriate adjectives that describe the era.

  • Example:     

1980s    Shoulder Pads   Short shorts      Bowl Haircuts   Synthesizers       Reagan
                       
            LA Looks    leotards      Goonies                       Yugo    Flowbee    Michael Keaton        Dude
                            
Cocaine     Richard Simmons   B-horror films   John Cusack      Exxon Valdez   Hairbands

·       The key to the exercise to try to get out culturally associated details that you can integrate into a story to help create solid verisimilitude without having to try too hard …


o   Adding such specific details helps with various elements, especially: setting, character, dialogue, and plot.

Monday, April 7, 2014

Homework for 4/9


We will discuss "How do writers create suspense?" by discussing two short stories famous for their suspense and their ends:

1. Kate Chopin's "The Story of an Hour"

2. Edgar Allan Poe's "The Tell-tale Heart" 

For each story, I want you to record three (3) main points about how each author created suspense using foreshadowing techniques and the chosen point of view.

Description & Exposition


       Sensory language:  try to provide details that use each of the five senses

       Images that give tone/atmosphere to plot action
o   Brief exercise:  Describe all of the things a character would see inside a room that would scare them

       Use the setting to symbolize/represent – “Hills Like White Elephants”

       Contextualize the scene with need to know information, and save other details for later on, closer to when the background information is important to a scene.

       Diagram a story for when the author presents information; how long do they withhold information, and what do they “do” with that information in the ensuing scenes?
o   Integrate a detail into the plot by having the character do something that uses the information.


Writing Exercise – Easy Symbols



Other ways to create verisimilitude with symbol

  • Humanize Aesop’s Fables or modernize a Grimm’s Fairytale

  • Pick a popular social issue and have the central character’s job related to the issue (climatologist and global warming; 16-year-old drug-lord’s assassin for cartel being busted…)


  • The Absurd: Have an inanimate object take on the alternate character commonly associated with object (pacifist knife; a kitchen table with a weak back, an undertaker who finds the dead to be icky…).

Wednesday, April 2, 2014

Restraint in Fiction: Stories for Monday, 4/7

Bonnie Jo Campbell's American Salvage was the 2009 National Book Award winner. The collection supports the lesson that a writer can imaginatively explore contemporary life with restraint.

Restraint in plot is important. You do not want to overstretch the action happening in your story, especially if you are not writing with a fantasy, sci-fi, magical realist slant. 

I'd like you to read "The Trespasser" from Campbell's collection to discuss next class. 

I'd also like you to read Junot Diaz' "Alma," which gives you a larger view of today's literary landscape. Diaz writing style is, to say the least, less restrained than Campbell's in many ways. Here, we see contradiction. Contradiction for the writer is necessary. Despite the unrestrained dialogue and exposition for which Diaz is becoming more infamous, the plot of "Alma" is quite basic.


Additionally, read chapter 4 in The Art of Fiction.

Symbols and Themes as Techniques


  • Symbol – person, place or thing in a story that represents an abstract idea or concept (flower=virtue; bald eagle=America) à preferably (skillfully) the symbols in your work will reinforce the story’s main theme, and be able to be understood as representing what you intend in a non-grotesque way!

  • Allusion – phrase or figure of speech that references a specific piece of art, literary piece, cultural reference (including events, pop cult), and myths (le royale with cheese – alludes to Pulp Fiction; the British Invasion and mop heads à the Beatles)

  • Allegories – extended metaphor in which you can see the characters and the action of a story as having dual meaning that refers to and relies on an outside person/story (often religious, moral, political, social)à the literal meaning within the story and the referenced person/story à  Example: a character may have the characterization and actions that refer to Jesus Christ. Or, a story may have a plot that reminds people of a famous political scandal, like Watergate or JFK’s affair with MM!

· 

“Rules” For Creating a Believable Fictional World


1.     Consistent Behavior of Characters
  • Foreshadowing: add detail in plot that suggests change in character is likely à scatter appropriately in right parts of exposition and dialogue
2.     Avoid “The Easy Fix” | Avoid Surprising Plot Elements
  •  “out of nowhere” is no good à ex. Killing a character off with a “twist”
3.     Foreshadow Your Props in Plot

4.     Accurately Portray the Outside Reality
  • Check your facts (this cannot be emphasized enough with reality-based fiction). The Atlantic Ocean is always on the East Coast of the United States.
  • Experienced Readers v. Care-free readers – ALWAYS side with experience
5.     Pay Attention to Cause & Effect Relationships Between Characters and Environment

6.     NO Coincidences


Point of View Techniques

Creating a Narrator through Point of View

·      First Person – limits story to the narrator’s mind and ears! (I/me/mine/my)

·      Second Person rarely used, difficult to stay in the “you” mode. Narrator is making the reader participate in story by telling them what they are doing and thinking, etc. (You, your)

o   Jay McInerney’s Bright Lights, Big City

§  “You are not the kind of guy who would be at a place like this at this time of the morning. But here you are, and you cannot say that the terrain is entirely unfamiliar, although the details are fuzzy. You are at a nightclub talking to a girl with a shaved head. The club is either Heartbreak or the Lizard Lounge. All might come clear if you could just slip into the bathroom and do a little more Bolivian Marching Powder. Then again, it might not. A small voice inside you insists that this epidemic lack of clarity is a result of too much of that already.

·      Third Person Limited – narrator knows only the thoughts and feelings of one character in the story, but is structured “He/she/they/their”

·      Third Person Omniscient – narrator can access everything about characters (He/she/they/their)


POV Exercise: write the same scene from different distances (points of view).

·       You must consider with each distance: What can be known? What details would narrator focus on? How much dialogue; exposition; internal versus external thought?

The Plot: a guy and a girl are in a canoe in the middle of a lake.

o   Try First Person – choose one of the characters and write from their POV (I)
o   Then, try Second Person – focus on same character!
o   Then, try Third Person Limited – again, focus on the same character you did with 1st person so that you can show how the information differs

    • Then, 3rd person omniscient – finally(!), you get to be the God Narrator and get in both characters’ minds